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consciousness. Hence evolution is not a linear progression but a dialectical one.
Historical change induces social abreaction, which is a dialectical process.
Therefore historical change is dialectical ; the intensity of the abreaction
mirrors the intensity of change. The contents of the abreaction are the new
ideas of good and evil. Social abreaction works with new ideas about values,
about morality, and about the grounds of morality (that is, consciousness).
Therefore any historical change which produces a permanent effect always
involves moral reform.
Moral reform is the dynamic of human evolution.
The only effective historical components of Christianity, Judaism, Liberalism,
Marxism, etc, were ideas that focused on moral and ethical values. The rival
ideologies of different religions, or of different sects, or of different political
systems, are always of secondary importance the ideology serves only to
underpin the morality that is followed. Political economy, whether Liberal or
Marxist or Conservative, always derives its energy from underlying moral (and
immoral) attitudes and desires.
Any social change that does not involve abreaction just ameliorates
or intensifies existing social conditions and does not radically change
social consensus.
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Relativism
A major concept within historical thinking is that of relativism. Each era is
relative or related to the era that comes before it and the era after it. Each
nation s culture is relative to any other nation s culture. [¹]
How does relativism gel with dialectics?
I put these thoughts into perspective by looking at the framework of historical
change.
Historical change is dialectical, the content being new ideas. Therefore history is
the history of ideas. But any idea has no necessary connection with other ideas.
So all ideas are relative to each other. However, the idea affects a person, a
society, or a nation in a dialectical way. Dialectics means that the idea will
generate opposition to itself this effect is produced by the good and the
bad aspects of the idea, or the thesis and the antithesis. Both the good and the
bad aspects of the idea have to be worked out before the idea s usefulness is
assimilated and exhausted.
I put these thoughts another way. Every good idea will produce bad effects as
well as good ones (for example, the introduction of new technology often results
in an increase of misery for the working masses). Every bad idea will produce
good effects as well as bad ones (the good effects are correctives aimed at
preventing, or ameliorating, more badness). The final synthesis of an idea is the
distillation from out of its goodness and badness of the lessons that it teaches.
I summarise these thoughts:
Each idea is relative to all other ideas.
and
Every idea unfolds its effects in a dialectical manner.
or
Historical change depends upon ideas that are mutually
relative.
and
Historical change is the dialectical effect of ideas on
mankind.
Reference
The number in brackets at the end of each reference takes you back
to the paragraph that featured it.
[¹]. I use the term relativism rather than relativity. I have found that the
traditional meaning of relativity is usually confused with the associated terms
subjectivity and objectivity. I explain the differences between subjectivity,
relativity, and objectivity on my websites :
Relative mind, relative matter, in the article Ego & Relativity.
A Modern Thinker, in the article Relativity of the Ego.
See Links. [1]
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Copyright © 2002 Ian Heath
All Rights Reserved
The copyright is mine, and the article is free to use. It can be reproduced
anywhere, so long as the source is acknowledged.
Ian Heath, London UK
e-mail address:
iheath3.tsm@relative-mindmatter.co.uk
New Ideas in
The Subconscious Mind
Psychology
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TRANSFERENCE
The links in the table on the left take you to sub-headings in this
article.
Love and Hate
Sub-headings
The conventional usage of the term
transference is the description of the client s
Factors of bonding
interaction with the therapist in the counselling
relationship. The client has transferred to the
Stages
therapist intense feelings of affection, even
Negative effects
love. Sexual thoughts and feelings are usually
in evidence. Eventually this positive
Origin
transference turns negative and the therapist is
now regarded with hostility.
Emotional
dynamics
Love-hate relationships always indicate the
presence of transference.
References
Freud thought that the stage of affection and sexuality was the start of a
process, which then reversed itself to end in hostility. Perhaps this is why
Freud thought that sexual urges, or libido, underlay all personal
relationships.
In fact, the stage of affection and sexuality is the second stage in the
abreaction of guilt. In this stage, jealousy in self-pity mode is dominant;
this mode of jealousy means that the client is seeking some form of
social support. The closeness of the relationship with the therapist means
that the client s anxiety turns into sexual anxiety, and so sexual feelings
are projected onto the analyst.
Factors of Bonding
This phenomenon of transference can be prised apart into three separate,
but closely related, parts. The whole process represents the usual form
or pattern of bonding that a child has with a parent. A child never
grows out of the bonding process, so that the relationships that the child
has with its parents are continued into its adult life in its relationships
with other people. The three parts of bonding, of the transference
situation, are imprinting, identification, and true transference. All three
parts feature mind, will and emotion, but the emphasis differs. The
emotion is always jealousy. The basic way that I separate them is that,
for a heterosexual boy:
Imprinting centres primarily on emotion (together with desire)
and the patterns of femininity in the mother and masculinity in the
father. Later, as the boy grows up, the mother s femininity becomes
the preferred pattern of beauty in a woman. The emotion is jealousy
in self-pity mode; this mode creates a dependency state of mind,
and so allows imprinting to happen.
Identification centres primarily on will ; it reflects traits and
attitudes of personal stature and temperament, such as poise,
courtesy, nobility, dignity, and assurance, or friendliness, trust,
benevolence, etc. These attributes reveal aspects of character ( what
I am ). The emotion is jealousy in love mode.
Transference centres primarily on mind ; it reflects beliefs,
needs, sexual attitudes, moral attitudes, and behavioural traits.
These attributes reveal aspects of identity ( who I am ). The
emotion is jealousy in love mode. [¹]
Transference itself can be split up into two broad factors, one focusing
on sexuality and the other focusing on authority. Each parent is a source
of both factors.
I give two definitions.
Sexual transference is the pattern of the parent s sexual
attitudes that is admired in other people.
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