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5. At the end of a quotation, remember to put in parentheses&
6. Because the universe is so vast,&
7. The measurements taken by researchers must be accurate&
8. Religion has many aspects, one of which is to provide a code&
9. Although many elderly people retain&
10. At university, it is best to use a formal, impersonal style&
11. Some clothes can be made from synthetic&
12. Inside the hydrogen atom, there is one electron&
a. & otherwise the conclusions they come to will be useless.
b. & of conduct to show people how they should behave.
c. & that he had accepted money from any criminal group.
d. & moving around the proton at the centre.
e. & from the government to pay for costs such as rent, food and books.
f. & additional safety features.
g. & are disappearing to be replaced by part-time temporary employment.
h. & the author's name, the date and the page number: (Brown 1996:76).
i. & clear memories of their childhood, they may completely forget recent events.
j. & in your writing, and to avoid contractions such as 'isn't' and 'doesn't'.
k. & materials such as nylon as well as natural materials such as cotton.
l. & it is unlikely that man will be able travel to other galaxies.
Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions that you have learnt, review
your notes from time to time and try to use new vocabulary items whenever possible.
32
� A&C Black Publishers Ltd 2007. For reference see Easier English Dictionary for Students (978 07475 6624 3).
Unit Five
5d Word substitution
From the list below, choose one word which could be used to replace the language shown in bold
without changing the meaning of the sentence. Remember that you may need to change the form
or in some cases the grammatical class of the word:
advocate (v) compound (n) contract (v) dictate (v)
graph (n) insist (v) preliminary (adj)
retard (v) subtle (adj) tiny (adj) transfer (v)
1. Those who support military service claim that it promotes discipline, while
opponents argue that such service disrupts young people's education.
__________________
2. Most metals shrink as they become cooler.
__________________
3. Although not all the votes have been counted, initial results suggest that
the President has won the election.
__________________
4. In spite of a massive advertising campaign, only a very small proportion of
consumers made a permanent change in their buying habits.
__________________
5. If you look at this second chart, you can see that unemployment has been
in decline for the past six years. __________________
6. Although the factory had to be closed, all the employees were relocated
__________________
to another factory belonging to the same company.
7. Some organisations have a dress code which lays down what their
__________________
employees should wear.
8. Although the two cases seemed to be identical, one lawyer showed that __________________
there were some slight differences between them.
__________________
9. One of the many effects of the hole in the ozone layer is that increased
radiation will delay the growth of plants and lead to food shortages.
__________________
10. Water is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen.
11. The prisoner said repeatedly that he was innocent until he was released. __________________
Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions that you have learnt, review
your notes from time to time and try to use new vocabulary items whenever possible.
33
� A&C Black Publishers Ltd 2007. For reference see Easier English Dictionary for Students (978 07475 6624 3).
Unit Five
5e Choose the best word
For each of the sentences here, choose the best word from a, b or c.
1. As trade union membership has declined, the number of ______________ and strikes has also
decreased.
a. arguments b. disagreements c. disputes
2. The role of the middle manager is not to formulate new policies but to ______________ them.
a. manage b. use c. execute
3. Engineers worked throughout the night to ________________ electricity to homes whose supplies
had been cut off by heavy snow.
a. reinstate b. renew c. restore
4. Many athletes take extra vitamins as a/an ________________ to their diet when they are preparing
for competition.
a. reinforcement b. supplement c. extension
5. Police officers face many dangers, especially when they are __________________ by violent criminals
carrying weapons.
a. confronted b. met c. encountered
6. The invention of printing allowed ideas to __________________ much more quickly than before.
a. scatter b. diffuse c. disseminate
7. In many cultures, it was traditionally believed that men were _________________ to women, but this
attitude has been changing rapidly in recent years.
a. better b. inferior c. superior
8. In the early years, facilities for tourists were rather ___________________, but now they are highly
developed.
a. crude b. rudimentary c. uncomplicated
9. Increasingly, post-graduate students are asked to become teaching assistants in order to
___________________ undergraduates.
a. instruct b. drill c. inform
10. Cigarette packets on sale are required to carry a _________________ clearly stating the dangers of
smoking.
a. label b. message c. tag
11. A defence lawyer has a duty to try to establish the innocence of his/her ____________________.
a. patient b. customer c. client
12. You can buy goods on the Internet with a credit card, but there is a danger of
____________________ if someone else obtains the number.
a. corruption b. fraud c. embezzlement
34
� A&C Black Publishers Ltd 2007. For reference see Easier English Dictionary for Students (978 07475 6624 3).
Unit Five
5f Make a collocation
Start by reading through the sentences below. Then take one word from the box on the left and
combine this with one from the box on the right to make a collocation. (Note that more than one
pairing may be possible and also that some words appear more than once.) Then try to match your
combinations with the spaces in the sentences below:
force of abstract err on a ban crimes intersect
at regular imposed within a concern gravity institutes
lines crisis of research thought intervals radius
legitimate perpetrated confidence the side of caution
1. Most academic journals are published _________________ _________________, perhaps every
month or every quarter.
2. While it is probably true they are not capable of _________________ _________________, most
animals appear to experience a range of emotions.
3. There is a tradition that a falling apple helped Newton develop his theory about the
_________________ _________________.
4. In the 1970's, the price of oil increased dramatically, causing an international economic
_________________ _________________.
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